Data Sharing of the Meta-Analysis Maps from the DIRECT and ENIGMA Consortia
Year: 2026
Type: dataset
Abstract: Background and RationaleMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the leading contributors to global disability and disease burden. Large-scale collaborative initiatives such as the Depression Imaging REsearch ConsorTium (DIRECT) and the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) MDD working group have substantially advanced our understanding of the neurobiological basis of depression. Integrating results across these consortia provides an important opportunity to identify robust and reproducible neuroimaging patterns associated with MDD.What’s Shared: The DIRECT–ENIGMA Meta MapsBased on the collaborative infrastructure of DIRECT Phase II and the ENIGMA consortium, we conducted a large-scale joint meta-analysis of neuroimaging data. To promote transparency, reproducibility, and open science, we are sharing the statistical meta-maps derived from this analysis.The shared maps include summary-level statistical T maps from each site. Specifically, the released maps cover cortical thickness and cortical surface area models for all participants, adults, and adolescents, including case–control comparisons, age-by-diagnosis and sex-by-diagnosis interaction analyses, age-of-onset analyses, illness-stage analyses, remission-status analyses, symptom-severity associations, and antidepressant-use analyses. For each site-level analysis, the shared outputs also include the corresponding ModelSummaryInfo.txt file, documenting the summary information.By releasing these maps, we aim to facilitate further research on the neurobiological mechanisms of depression and to support the development and validation of new neuroimaging analytic approaches.Key FeaturesLarge-scale dataset: Meta-analysis maps derived from the integrated analyses of the DIRECT Phase II and ENIGMA datasets, representing one of the largest neuroimaging samples of MDD to date.Support for secondary analyses: The shared maps enable threshold-free spatial analyses, cross-study comparisons, and benchmarking of neuroimaging analysis methods.Data Sharing Process and RequirementsAs these data consist of summary-level statistical maps rather than individual-level participant data, they do not contain protected health information.Therefore, the dataset is shared under an Unrestricted Sharing model:The meta-maps are openly accessible to the research community.Researchers may perform secondary analyses using these maps.Users should follow standard scientific citation practices when using the dataset.Code AvailabilityCustom scripts used for data processing, statistical analysis and figure generation in this study are publicly available at GitHub: https://github.com/Chaogan-Yan/PaperScripts/tree/master/Yan_2025.Author Contributions StatementCGY, ZHW, EP and LS conceived and designed the study and interpreted the data. All authors contributed to data collection, data processing and/or data provision from the participating cohorts, critically revised the manuscript, and approved the final version for publication.CitationAll users must cite the Nature Mental Health paper that describe this dataset:Yan, C.-G., Wang, Z.-H., Han, L.K.M., Alexander, N., Alnæs, D., Başgöze, Z., Bauduin, S.E.E.C., Bauer, J., Benedetti, F., Berger, K., Besteher, B., Borgers, T., Bülow, R., Cao, L.-P., Chen, G.-M., Chen, J.-S., Chen, S.-C., Chen, T., Chen, T.-L., Chen, X., Chen, Y.-R., Cheng, Y.-Q., Chu, Z.-S., Colle, R., Connolly, C.G., Corruble, E., Couvy-Duchesne, B., Cui, X.-L., Cullen, K.R., Dannlowski, U., Davey, C., Dima, D., Dols, A., Erwin-Grabner, T., Evans, J.W., Flinkenflügel, K., Fu, C.H.Y., Fuentes-Claramonte, P., Gao, Q.-L., Gong, Q.-Y., Gönül, A.S., Gotlib, I.H., Goya-Maldonado, R., Grabe, H.J., Groenewold, N., Grotegerd, D., Guo, W.-B., Hahn, T., Hall, G.B., Hamilton, J.P., Harrison, B., Hatton, S., He, C.-C., Hermesdorf, M., Hickie, I.B., Ho, T.C., Hu, Z.-J.-Y., Huang, Q., Jahanshad, N., Jamalabadi, H., Jamieson, A., Ji, X.-L., Jia, F.-N., Kamishikiryo, T., Kircher, T., Koopowitz, S.-M., Kraus, A., Krug, A., Kuang, L., Lagopoulos, J., Lancaster, T., Landrø, N.I., Leehr, E.J., Li, M., Li, B.-J., Li, F., Li, H.-X., Li, T., Li, X.-Y., Liao, Y.-F., Lin, Z.-D., Linden, D.E.J., Liu, H.-L., Liu, X.-Y., Liu, Z.-N., Liu, Y.-S., Long, Y.-C., Lu, J.-P., Lu, B., MacMaster, F.P., Maglanoc, L.A., McIntosh, A.M., Medland, S., Mehler, D.M.A., Meinert, S., Mwangi, B., Ojha, A., Okada, G., Oudega, M.L., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Poletti, S., Pomarol-Clotet, E., Portella, M.J., Qiu, J., Reneman, L., Rise, H.S., Rodriguez-Cano, E., Sacchet, M.D., Salvador, R., Schlieper, H., Schrantee, A., Shan, X.-X., Shinzato, H., Si, T.-M., Sim, K., Soares, J.C., Stein, D.J., Straube, B., Strike, L.T., Sun, P.-F., Thomas-Odenthal, F., Thomopoulos, S.I., Thompson, P.M., Toenders, Y., Uyar, A., van der Wee, N.J.A., van der Werff, S.J.A., Veer, I.M., Veltman, D.J., Völzke, H., Wagenmakers, M., Walter, H., Walter, M., Wang, C.-Y., Wang, H.-L., Wang, H.-N., Wang, X., Wang, X.-Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Y.-W., Westlye, L.T., Whalley, H.C., Whittle, S., Winter, N.R., Wittfeld, K., Wu, M.-J., Wu, X.-P., Wu, X.-R., Wu, Y.-K., Wu, C.-N., Xie, C.-M., Xie, G.-R., Xie, P., Xu, X.-F., Xue, Z.-P., Yang, T.T., Yang, H., Yang, J., Yu, H., Yu, Y.-Q., Yuan, M.-L., Yuan, Y.-G., Zang, Y.-F., Zarate, C.A., Zhang, A.-X., Zhang, K.-R., Zhang, W., Zhao, J.-P., Zhong, W.-Y., Zhu, J.-J., Zunta-Soares, G.B., Zuo, X.-N., Pozzi, E., Schmaal, L. (2026). Vertex-wise cortical abnormalities in major depressive disorder from 64 cohorts from the DIRECT and ENIGMA MDD consortia. Nature Mental Health, 4(7), 1175–1186, doi:10.1038/s44220-026-00667-9.
Authors: Chao-Gan Yan, Zi-Han Wang, Laura Han, Nina Alexander, Dag Alnæs, Zeynep Başgöze, Stéphanie E.E.C. Bauduin, Jochen Bauer, Francesco Benedetti, Klaus Berger, Bianca Besteher, Tiana Borgers, Robin Bülow, Li-Ping Cao, Guan-Mao Chen, Jian-Shan Chen, Si-Cheng Chen, Tao Chen, Tao-Lin Chen, Xiao Chen, Yan-Rong Chen, Yu-Qi Cheng, Zhao-Song Chu, Romain Colle, Colm G. Connolly, Emmanuelle Corruble, Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne, Xi-Long Cui, Kathryn R. Cullen, Udo Dannlowski, Christopher Davey, Danai Dima, Annemiek Dols, Tracy Erwin-Grabner, Jennifer W. Evans, Kira Flinkenflügel, Cynthia H.Y. Fu, Paola Fuentes-Claramonte, Qing-Lin Gao, Qi-Yong Gong, Ali Saffet Gonul, Ian H. Gotlib, Roberto Goya-Maldonado, Hans J. Grabe, Nynke Groenewold, Dominik Grotegerd, Wen-Bin Guo, Tim Hahn, Geoffrey B. Hall, Paul J. Hamilton, Ben Harrison, Sean Hatton, Can-Can He, Marco Hermesdorf, Ian B. Hickie, Tiffany C. Ho, Zheng-Jia-Yi Hu, Qian Huang, Neda Jahanshad, Hamidreza Jamalabadi, Alec Jamieson, Xin-Lei Ji, Feng-Nan Jia, Toshiharu Kamishikiryo, Tilo Kircher, Sheri-Michelle Koopowitz, Anna Kraus, Axel Krug, Li Kuang, Jim Lagopoulos, Thomas Lancaster, Nils Inge Landrø, Elisabeth J. Leehr, Meng Li, Bao-Juan Li, Feng Li, Hui-Xian Li, Tao Li, Xue-Ying Li, Yi-Fan Liao, Ze-Di Lin, David E.J. Linden, Hai-Long Liu, Xiao-Yun Liu, Zhe-Ning Liu, Yan-Song Liu, Yi-Cheng Long, Jian-Ping Lu, Bin Lu, Frank P. MacMaster, Luigi A. Maglanoc, Andrew M. McIntosh, Sarah Medland, David M.A. Mehler, Susanne Meinert, Benson Mwangi, Amar Ojha, Go Okada, Mardien L. Oudega, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Sara Poletti, Edith Pomarol-Clotet, Maria J. Portella, Jiang Qiu, Liesbeth Reneman, Henning S. Rise, Elena Rodriguez-Cano, Matthew D. Sacchet, Raymond Salvador, Hendrik Schliepe, Anouk Schrantee, Xiao-Xiao Shan, Hotaka Shinzato, Tian-Mei Si, Kang Sim, Jair C Soares, Dan J. Stein, Benjamin Straube, Lachlan T. Strike, Peng-Feng Sun, Florian Thomas-Odenthal, Sophia I. Thomopoulos, Paul M. Thompson, Yara Toenders, Aslihan Uyar, Nic J.A. van der Wee, Steven J.A. Van der Werff, Ilya M. Veer, Dick J. Veltman, Henry Völzke, Margot Wagenmakers, Henrik Walter, Martin Walter, Chuan-Yue Wang, Han-Lin Wang, Hua-Ning Wang, Xiang Wang, Xin-Yu Wang, Ying Wang, Yu-Wei Wang, Lars Tjelta Westlye, Heather C. Whalley, Sarah Whittle, Nils R. Winter, Katharina Wittfeld, Mon-Ju Wu, Xiao-Ping Wu, Xin-Ran Wu, Yan-Kun Wu, Chen-Nan Wu, Chun-Ming Xie, Guang-Rong Xie, Peng Xie, Xiu-Feng Xu, Zhen-Peng Xue, Tony T. Yang, Hong Yang, Jian Yang, Hua Yu, Yong-Qiang Yu, Min-Lan Yuan, Yong-Gui Yuan, Yu-Feng Zang, Carlos A. Zarate, Ai-Xia Zhang, Ke-Rang Zhang, Wei Zhang, Jing-Ping Zhao, Wen-Yi Zhong, Jia-Jia Zhu, Giovana B. Zunta Soares, Xi-Nian Zuo, Elena Pozzi, Lianne Schmaal
Institutions: Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Philipps University of Marburg, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, University of Minnesota, Leiden University Medical Center, University of Münster, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Jena University Hospital, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Guangzhou Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Hangzhou Seventh Peoples Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Bicêtre Hospital, Florida State University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique, The University of Queensland, Sorbonne Université, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Institut du Cerveau, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, The University of Melbourne, King's College London, City St George's, University of London, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, University of East London, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Fidmag Sisters Hospitallers, Ege University, Stanford University, University of Cape Town, McMaster University, University of Bergen, The University of Sydney, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, San Francisco, The Affiliated Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, University of Southern California, Soochow University, Hiroshima University, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bath, Cardiff University, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Capital Medical University, Beijing Anding Hospital, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Capital Normal University, Maastricht University, Southeast University, Shenzhen KangNing Hospital, Dalhousie University, University of Calgary, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, University of Edinburgh, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, University of Pittsburgh, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, GGZ inGeest, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, Southwest University, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Maresme Health Consortium, Harvard University, Massachusetts General Hospital, University of the Ryukyus, Peking University, Peking University Sixth Hospital, National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Institute of Mental Health, South African Medical Research Council, Xian Central Hospital, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutsches Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit, Yale University, Orygen, Chongqing Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Shanxi Medical University, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Southern Medical University, Beijing Normal University
Language: English
Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience
Field: Neuroscience
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7134919406