Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: MOTIVATION: Gene function prediction is pivotal in genomic and metagenomic data analysis. Current annotation tools typically rely on the most similar sequence from the referencedatabase and struggle to robustly set meaningful hit thresholds, causing a major challenge for reliable annotation. RESULTS: Here, we present Functional Annotation Method Using Supervised contrastive learning (FAMUS). FAMUS compares query sequences to a full array of profile Hidden Markov Models, encoding each sequence's complete similarity profile, rather than only its top-scoring hit, into a condensed vector space that minimizes the distance between proteins from the same family. Unannotated sequences are incorporated as negative examples during training, enabling robust detection of proteins that fall outside the reference database without requiring user-defined thresholds. FAMUS outperformed KEGG's native KofamScan for KEGG Orthology annotation and InterPro's InterProScan for PANTHER family annotation, especially on realistic, sparsely annotated data. We used this approach to build four protein annotation models spanning the KEGG Orthology, InterPro, OrthoDB, and EggNOG databases. FAMUS is a comprehensive, modular framework that supports both pre-defined and user-specific databases. It can be readily integrated into genomic and metagenomic analysis pipelines for accurate, large-scale functional annotation. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: All four models are available as a conda package and via our web server at https://app.famus.bursteinlab.org/, and source code is freely available on GitHub at https://github.com/burstein-lab/famus/ as well as a source code snapshot at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23132542.
Source: Bioinformatics
Authors: Guy Shur, David Burstein
Institution: Tel Aviv University
Language: English
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,989
Funder: Israel Science Foundation
OpenAlex ID: W7134930174