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Current Insights into Clinical, Molecular, and Therapeutic Approaches to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients despite advances in supportive care and lung-protective ventilation. The syndrome is characterized by biological heterogeneity involving epithelial and endothelial injury, dysregulated inflammation, surfactant dysfunction, and impaired alveolar-capillary barrier integrity. This review integrates experimental, translational, and clinical evidence to examine the biological and molecular basis underlying ARDS, with particular emphasis on alveolar-capillary architecture, immune dysregulation, pulmonary mechanics, and the temporal evolution of diffuse alveolar damage. We further discuss emerging concepts in ARDS phenotyping and biomarker-based stratification as tools to address therapeutic heterogeneity and improve prognostic precision. Collectively, the evidence supports a shift from syndromic management toward biologically informed, precision-based approaches that may enable targeted interventions and improved clinical outcomes in ARDS.

Source: Medical Sciences

DOI: 10.3390/medsci14010134

Authors: Manuel Gonzalez-Plascencia, Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro, Alfredo Salazar de Santiago, Ana G. Castañeda-Miranda, José I. Badillo-Almaraz, Idalia Garza-Veloz

Institution: Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas "Francisco García Salinas"

Language: English

Topic: Respiratory Support and Mechanisms

Subfield: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,689