Work

Operational optimisation versus mechanical retrofit in non-domestic buildings: An SRI-informed life cycle assessment

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: This study proposes a performance-based framework for building retrofit assessment by integrating the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) within a scenario-based Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Using empirical indoor environmental monitoring data and EnergyPlus simulations, three operational strategies were evaluated for a UK non-domestic social space: a conventional baseline, a mechanical retrofit with an Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP), and an operational optimisation scenario based on adjusted heating and cooling setpoints and schedules. Results show that the operational optimisation scenario achieved lower Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) and Particulate Matter Formation (PMF) than the mechanical retrofit, while exhibiting a slightly higher Global Warming Potential (GWP) due to continued natural gas use. Despite a low SRI classification (Class F), indoor thermal comfort and air quality remained within acceptable thresholds across all scenarios. These findings indicate that operational optimisation can be competitive with mechanical retrofit for selected impact categories under the stated boundary conditions. The study demonstrates how SRI-informed operational assumptions can be embedded within an ISO 14040/44-compliant LCA framework to support evidence-based, performance-driven retrofit decision-making.

Source: Building and Environment

DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114496

Authors: Mohamed Mustafa, Yacine Rezgui, Tom Beach

Institution: Cardiff University

Language: English

Topic: Building Energy and Comfort Optimization

Subfield: Building and Construction

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Climate action, Responsible consumption and production, Sustainable cities and communities, Affordable and clean energy, Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $4,280