Work

Acute Kidney Injury in Acute Heart Failure Revisited: Marker of Cardiorenal Disease Severity Rather Than Isolated Renal Injury

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background: Renal function deterioration during hospitalization for acute heart failure (AHF) is common and is traditionally classified as acute kidney injury (AKI) or worsening renal function (WRF) based on changes in serum creatinine (Cr). However, Cr-based definitions may inadequately reflect the complex cardiorenal interactions occurring in AHF. Purpose: This narrative review summarizes and compares definitions of AKI and WRF used in AHF, evaluates their prognostic significance, and explores whether renal function deterioration should be interpreted as a marker of cardiorenal disease severity rather than isolated kidney injury. Methods: A narrative review of randomized trials, observational studies, post hoc analyses, and meta-analyses was conducted, focusing on Cr-based and nephrology-derived AKI definitions (RIFLE, AKIN, KDIGO), timing and baseline selection, congestion status, and the role of biomarkers and imaging in clinical interpretation. Results: The most widely used definition of WRF is an absolute increase in serum Cr ≥ 0.3 mg/dL. Multiple studies demonstrate that such changes frequently occur during effective decongestion and are not independently associated with adverse outcomes in the absence of residual congestion. In contrast, persistent congestion, impaired diuretic response, reduced renal reserve, and advanced cardiorenal comorbidity consistently predict worse prognosis. Nephrology-derived AKI definitions identify higher-risk patients but incompletely account for the hemodynamic and therapeutic context of AHF. Conclusions: In AHF, AKI and WRF often act as markers of underlying cardiorenal disease severity rather than direct indicators of irreversible kidney injury. Interpretation of renal function deterioration should be contextual, integrating congestion status, perfusion, renal reserve, and dynamic response to therapy. Achieving effective and complete decongestion remains the primary therapeutic objective in AHF, even in the presence of transient Cr increases.

Source: Life

DOI: 10.3390/life16030486