Work

Evaluation of Solid and Hollow Sand Brick Properties with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates by Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), an industrial by-product of steel manufacturing, can be utilized as a partial replacement for natural fine aggregate in clay brick production. Although widely used in cementitious systems, its incorporation into sand bricks and its effects on key performance parameters remain insufficiently investigated. To fill in the gap, sand bricks containing 0-35% GGBFS (at 5% intervals) were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, thermal conductivity, and efflorescence. Optimal performance was achieved at 25% replacement. Compressive strength increased from 17.5 MPa (control) to 24 MPa (28.5% improvement). Water absorption decreased from 11.67% to 8.20% (29.7% reduction), and thermal conductivity decreased from 1.08 to 0.85 W/m·°C. No efflorescence was observed at 25% GGBFS, whereas higher replacement levels (30% and 35%) exhibited increased efflorescence. The results confirm that 25% GGBFS replacement enhances mechanical and durability-related properties of clay bricks, demonstrating its technical feasibility as an alternative fine aggregate.

Source: Materials

DOI: 10.3390/ma19061250

Authors: Kamal Hosen, Alina Bărbulescu

Institutions: Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Transylvania University of Brașov

Language: English

Topic: Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production

Subfield: Building and Construction

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Responsible consumption and production, Industry, innovation and infrastructure

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,137