Work

Validity, reliability and precision of a novel virtual reality rod and disk test to assess visual dependence

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Visual dependence (VD) is heightened in pathologies where balance is compromised. It is measured using the Rod and Disk Test (RDT), traditionally delivered through a personal computer (PC). This restricts settings under which the test can be taken. This study aimed to evaluate validity, reliability and measurement precision of a novel virtual reality (VR) RDT. VD of 15 healthy participants and 15 people with symptomatic hypermobility was assessed using VR- and PC-based RDT to evaluate convergent validity. Assessments were conducted in three head positions. Intra-rater reliability was assessed by measuring VD of 15 healthy participants seven days apart. Convergent validity was evaluated using correlation analysis; intra-rater reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients. Bland-Altman plots assessed agreement, and measurement precision was reported as standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC). Weak to moderate convergent validity was seen between VR- and PC-based tests, with coefficients of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.3. PC-based RDT showed poor to moderate ICCs; the VR-based RDT demonstrated poor ICCs. SEM and MDC for PC ranged from 0.44-0.47° and 1.23-1.30° respectively; for VR they ranged from 0.65-0.78° and 1.81-2.17° respectively. VR-based RDT demonstrated weak to moderate convergent validity and poor intra-rater reliability.

Source: Scientific Reports

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-45536-8

Authors: Yiduo Wang, Caroline M. Alexander, Paul H. Strutton

Institution: Imperial College London

Language: English

Topic: Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention

Subfield: Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation

Field: Health Professions

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,690