Sex Differences and Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Disease
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for over $300 billion in direct health care costs and is expected to rise over time, worsening the economic burden. To close the gap in CVD outcomes between men and women, sex-specific study designs and druggable targets are essential. Sex differences driven by sex hormones are well established in CVD, particularly the cardioprotective effects of testosterone in men and estradiol in women; however, the role of sex chromosomes, particularly X-linked genes, is not yet fully understood. Sexual dimorphism in CVD shows that women are protected compared to men, which diminishes with age. The low awareness and understanding of CVD risk in women contribute to delays in treatment. Oxidative stress is a key player in CVD. In this review, we briefly introduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sex chromosomes. Next, we examine X-linked escapee genes, which provide a unique perspective on sex differences in biology. Thereafter, we discuss the role of oxidative stress in CVD and risk factors, including hypertension and atherosclerosis, and identify knowledge gaps and potential research opportunities to address CVD disparity among women. In closing, we highlight the clinical trial outcomes in CVD and antioxidant treatments.
Source: Physiology
Institution: Augusta University
Language: English
Topic: Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: green
Awards: G3648716340, Interplay of Sex Hormones and Chromosomes in Vascular Oxidative Stress and Arterial Stiffening, G825918206, Interplay of Sex Hormones and Chromosomes in Vascular Oxidative Stress and Arterial Stiffening, Improving awareness of women with hypertension: ROAR (Rural, Obese, At Risk)
OpenAlex ID: W7140166448