Work

Influence of Ethanol on Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Cocoa Pod Husk and Their Antioxidant, Antihypertensive, and Antihyperglycemic Activity

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Cocoa pod husk (CPH), a major agro-industrial residue, contains valuable bioactive compounds whose recovery can support sustainable waste valorization. This study evaluated the influence of increasing ethanol concentrations on the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from CPH and their antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antihyperglycemic activity. Dried and milled CPH was extracted using ethanol–water mixtures (0–100% ethanol) under fixed ultrasonic conditions. Cocoa pod husk powder characterization and the resulting extracts were analyzed in terms of chemical composition (lignocellulosic compounds, proximate and elemental composition, and bromatological composition), antioxidant capacity, and in vivo antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic effects in Wistar rats. The results showed that solvent polarity strongly modulated extraction efficiency: absolute ethanol yielded the highest phenolic (171.43 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (132.05 mg QE/g) content, whereas hydroalcoholic mixtures, particularly 50:50, enhanced overall antioxidant performance, especially in FRAP. The chemical analysis results showed the selective recovery of compounds such as quercetin, hesperidin, and theobromine, and FTIR-PCA results revealed distinct solvent-dependent chemical profiles. In vivo assays indicated modest blood pressure stabilization and a more pronounced antihyperglycemic effect after chronic administration. Overall, UAE proved an effective, rapid, and solvent-efficient method for CPH valorization, highlighting its potential for producing natural antioxidants applicable to food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic formulations.

Source: ChemEngineering

DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering10040043