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Drug-Resistant Gram-Positive Cocci as Etiological Factors of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections—Data from the EXTRACT Registry

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Introduction: Bacterial multidrug resistance (MDR) drives treatment with expensive, toxic, or pharmacokinetically suboptimal antibiotics. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of MDR Gram-positive cocci among isolates from cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections at a Polish reference center. Methods: Data come from the “EXTRACT” registry (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05775783), which covers 702 transvenous lead extraction procedures. Blood samples and intraoperative swabs were collected from participants with CIED infection. Results: From 209 cases with isolated pocket infection (PI) (107, 51.2%) or systemic infections (102, 48.8%), 263 Gram-positive cocci were cultured. They were: coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (177, 67.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (62, 23.6%), enterococci (15, 5.7%), streptococci (8, 3.0%), and others (1, 0.4%). The highest MDR rate was among CoNS (46.9%). CoNS exhibited methicillin resistance (MR-CoNS) in 55.9% with co-resistance to macrolides (73.2%), lincosamides (51.0%), fluoroquinolones (56.1%), aminoglycosides (41.4%), tetracyclines (29.6%), and co-trimoxazole (29.3%). Resistance to daptomycin (5.3%) and linezolid (2.0%) in MR-CoNS was rare. The frequency of MDR S. aureus was 8.1%. Methicillin resistance in S. aureus (MRSA, 6.5%) co-occurred with resistance to macrolides/lincosamides and fluoroquinolones (100% for both) or linezolid (25.0%). All MDR staphylococci were vancomycin-susceptible. High-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) in Enterococcus faecalis (53.8%) was accompanied by levofloxacin co-resistance (66.7%). Conversely, E. faecium HLAR (50.0%) strains showed 100.0% β-lactam resistance. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) accounted for 6.7%; the VRE E. faecium strain was tigecycline- and linezolid-susceptible. Among viridans group streptococci, β-lactam and lincosamides resistance was common (40.0% for both), with 50.0% of co-resistance. Conclusions: Epidemiological data may improve the effectiveness of empirical antibiotic therapy for CIED-related infections.

Source: Antibiotics

DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics15040345