Work

Out-of-pocket expenditures on over-the-counter medications: a cross-sectional study of consumer spending patterns

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background: Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are widely used, yet little is known about their cost implications and consumer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This study assessed self-medication practices, out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure, and satisfaction among the general population and patients with cardiovascular diseases. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire among adult residents of the UAE (≥18 years) who had used OTC. A total of 206 participants, from the general public, were recruited. Exclusion criteria included Participants without internet and individuals with incomplete responses. Data on demographic characteristics, OTC and herbal medication use, 30-day OOP expenditure, and satisfaction with costs were collected. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were performed. Results: = 128, 62%). Analgesics, antipyretics, and respiratory treatments were the most commonly used OTC products. Overall satisfaction with OTC medications was high. The overall total OOP expenditure was highest in the 100-499 AED (27-135 USD) range (54%). For acute illnesses, the 50-99 AED (14-26 USD) range was most common (28.64%). Satisfaction with OTC medication costs is shaped by a complex interaction of demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors. Conclusion: Self-medication with OTC products is common among adults in the UAE, particularly among females. While overall satisfaction with OTC medication costs is high, a substantial proportion of participants incur moderate out-of-pocket expenses. These findings highlight the need for public awareness on cost-effective self-medication practices and further research on financial implications of OTC use.

Source: Frontiers in Public Health

DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1777770

Authors: Hadel Fuad Alzuabi, Vineetha Bharathan Menon, Jisha Myalil Lucca

Institution: Gulf Medical University

Language: English

Topic: Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy

Subfield: Economics and Econometrics

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance

Domain: Social Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,801