Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Water is a vital resource that requires long-term legal protection to ensure both ecological values and societal benefits. The European Union’s Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) is central to this aim, establishing binding requirements for good ecological and chemical status in all water bodies and legally binding environmental quality standards. Sweden has implemented the Directive into national law; however, its application has been characterized by legal ambiguities, particularly regarding the possibility of considering disproportionate costs in environmental measures. This study examines the scope and application of the disproportionate cost criterion within the context of environmental law and hydropower regulation in Sweden. A comparative overview of the criterion’s application in other EU/EEA countries is also provided. Based on a legal approach, the analysis focuses on how these rules affect hydropower, where the goal of renewable energy production often needs to be weighed against the requirement for ecological recovery. The study concludes that applying the disproportionate costs criterion requires transparency and legal certainty to ensure a fair balance between the social benefits of hydropower and the need for long-term protection of the aquatic environments. To avoid differences in how the criterion is applied in different EU Member States, harmonized guidelines are needed.
Source: Water
DOI: 10.3390/w18070794
Institution: Luleå University of Technology
Language: English
Topic: Environmental law and policy
Subfield: Law
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,137
Funders: Energiforsk, Luleå Tekniska Universitet
OpenAlex ID: W7141766456