Work

Assessment of Urban Heat Island in the Developing Urban and Rural Areas of Agra in a Changing Climate

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: This study investigates the urban heat island (UHI) effect and temperature trends in urban and rural areas of Agra, India, by using 2-m temperature data from the ERA-5 dataset for the period 1961–2020. A comprehensive temporal analysis is done in both urban and rural areas to explore temperature variation on a seasonal, decadal and climatological basis. Seasonal and decadal analyses indicate that urban areas experience higher temperatures than rural regions, especially during winter and pre-monsoon seasons. The UHI intensity has decreased in recent decades and the temperature in rural areas has been continuously increasing and shifting towards urban areas. The Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope tests were applied to find significant temperature trends. The statistical test was significant during the monsoon season in both urban and rural areas. This study suggests that UHI mitigation strategies are needed in Agra, which has implications for public health, energy use and urban development.

Source: Environment and Urbanization Asia

DOI: 10.1177/09754253261430783

Authors: Shalini Dubey, Richa Singh, Aashna Verma, R. Bhatla

Institution: Banaras Hindu University

Language: English

Topic: Urban Heat Island Mitigation

Subfield: Environmental Engineering

Field: Environmental Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Sustainable cities and communities, Climate action

Open Access status: bronze

Funder: Banaras Hindu University