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Dynamic Thermal Equilibrium as an Alternative Origin for the Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is a near-perfect isotropic blackbody radiation field at approximately 2.725 K. This paper presents its interpretation under The Big Flare-Up Theory (BFUT) as a dynamically maintained equilibrium background in an infinite universe continuously supplied with energy by stellar fusion. The observed blackbody energy density corresponds to 2.725 K through the Stefan-Boltzmann relationship, whose form is independent of container size. Two proof-of-concept simulations support the equilibrium account. A source-modulated anisotropy simulation produces fluctuations of order 10^-5, with source-field correlation r = 1.000 for the structured BFUT sky and r = 0.001 under randomised controls. A three-dimensional thermal-body simulation with periodic boundaries and 0.047% luminous occupancy produces a child-frame coefficient of variation of approximately 9.70 x 10^-6 and a child-parent temperature mismatch of approximately 3.67 x 10^-4%, demonstrating near-uniformity from thermodynamic equilibration. The paper predicts that hotter CMB patches correspond to higher stellar activity and that the source distribution accounts for the observed scale dependence, including the approximately 0.035 departure from exact scale invariance. The stellar-region prediction was published on 29 March 2026 and retained on 25 June 2026 [19,20]. The author regards the positive CMB and infrared background association reported by Kim et al. (2026) as validation of this correspondence. Their gravitational interpretation prompts a further prediction: gravitational zones lacking stellar activity will not exhibit the same stellar-associated temperature excess as active stellar regions [17]. Published equilibrium support includes Vavryčuk’s calculation of 2.776 K [16]. Simulation code is openly available for download and verification [13].
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19302025
Language: English
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7142742609
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