Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Context. Molecular gas in galaxies traces both the fuel for star formation and the processes that enhance or suppress it. Observing its physical state (e.g., excitation) can reveal when and why galaxies stop forming stars. Aims. We observed the CO(5–4) emission of eight post-SB galaxies at z ∼ 0.6 − 1.3. To our knowledge, this is the first time that high-J transitions have been probed for post-SB or quiescent galaxies beyond the local Universe. All of them have detections in lower-J CO transitions (either CO(2–1) or CO(3–2)) and molecular gas fractions up to ∼20%. By studying the ratio R52 = L′CO(5 − 4)/L′CO(2 − 1), a proxy for the gas excitation, we aim to constrain the physical state of the gas. Methods. The CO excitation helps to distinguish among different mechanisms responsible for the low star formation efficiency (SFE) of post-SB galaxies. In the first scenario, the molecular gas is predominantly diffuse and cold, implying a low fraction of dense star-forming gas and in turn low R52 values. In the second scenario, elevated gas temperatures at moderate densities, for example due to active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity, shocks, or enhanced turbulence, would instead produce high R52 values. Results. Our post-SBs have on average R52 = 0.28, comparable to high-redshift main-sequence galaxies. However, when considering only the CO(5–4) non-detections, which also coincide with post-starbusts that do not show signs of interaction, we obtain R52 < 0.10, twice lower than local star-forming galaxies and more than 2.5 times lower than high-redshift sources. The average CO spectral line energy distribution (SLED) peaks at J = 3, similar to the Milky Way. Three galaxies show signs of interactions (tidal features, companions). They have R52 = 0.40 and SLEDs peaking at J ≳ 4 − 5. In at least one case additional mechanisms (e.g., AGNs, shocks) are needed to explain the steep rise of the SLED up to J = 5. Conclusions. Our results favor a scenario in which most systems are dominated by low-density molecular gas with low excitation, consistent with quenching driven by gas stabilization, feedback regulation, or stripping. In interacting systems instead, enhanced excitation is likely driven by heating processes not related to star formation (e.g., AGNs, turbulence, shocks). Residual star formation is insufficient to rapidly exhaust the remaining molecular gas in the majority of post-SB galaxies.
Language: English
Subfield: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Field: Physics and Astronomy
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
Funders: National Science Foundation, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, National Research Foundation, Danmarks Grundforskningsfond, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council
OpenAlex ID: W7143487802
FWCI:
Cites:
Cited by:
Related to: