Trends in 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases–Coded CKD Incidence Among Chinese Adults
Year: 2026
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing public health concern, yet evidence on its incidence is limited in China. Methods: Using data from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB), which recruited 512,723 participants aged 30 to 79 years from 10 areas across China, we analyzed 5 major CKD subtypes: diabetic kidney disease (DKD), hypertensive nephropathy (HTN), glomerulonephritis (GN), chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (CTIN), and obstructive nephropathy (ON). Total CKD included the aforementioned subtypes, CKD due to other reasons, or chronic kidney failure. Outcomes were ascertained through linkages to local death and disease registries and health insurance databases until December 31, 2018. Poisson regression model was used to assess secular trends and population variations. Results: Over a mean of 9.5 years of follow-up, 5662 total CKD cases were identified. The crude incidence rate (per 100,000 person-years) of total CKD was 119.7 (95% confidence interval: 116.6-122.8) between 2009 and 2018, with an annual increase of 8.9% (7.9%-10.0%) after adjusting for age, sex, and study area. The crude incidence rates were highest in GN, whereas biggest increases were observed in ON, DKD, and HTN. Total CKD incidence rate was similar between urban and rural areas; however, those of different subtypes varied: DKD or CTIN were higher in urban areas, and ON was significantly higher in rural areas. Males, older adults, and participants with hypertension or diabetes mellitus were at higher risks. Conclusion: Despite the underestimation of CKD incidence because of outcome ascertainment methods, the incidence of total CKD and its subtypes increased in the CKB population during 2009 to 2018. Measures should be taken against major driving factors, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and kidney stones.
Source: Kidney International Reports
Authors: Zhiqing Zeng, Si Cheng, Yizhen Hu, Chao Yang, Canqing Yu, Dianjianyi Sun, Pei Pei, Ling Yang, Yiping Chen, Huaidong Du, Kaifei Zhu, Dan Schmidt, Junshi Chen, Zhengming Chen, Liming Li, Luxia Zhang, Luxia Zhang, Jun Lv, Jun Lv, Junshi Chen, Zhengming Chen, Robert Clarke, Rory Collins, Liming Li, Jun Lv, Jun Lv, Richard Peto, Robin Walters, Canqing Yu, Dianjianyi Sun, Yuanjie Pang, Yuting Han, Can Hou, Qingmei Xia, Chao Liu, Pei Pei, Lang Pan, Xiao Han, Honglu Bian, Xinxin Chen, Daniel Avery, Maxim Barnard, Derrick Bennett, Ruth Boxall, Yiping Chen, Jonathan Clarke, Huaidong Du, Ahmed Edris Mohamed, Hannah Fry, Prapthi Harish, Pek Kei Im, Andri Iona, Christiana Kartsonaki, Kshitij Kolhe, Hubert Lam, Kuang Lin, James Liu, Iona Millwood, Sam Morris, Qunhua Nie, Alfred Pozarickij, Maryam Rahmati, Paul Ryder, Maruf Sarder, Dan Schmidt, Becky Stevens, Iain Turnbull, Baihan Wang, Lin Wang, Neil Wright, Ling Yang, Xiaoming Yang, Pang Yao, Zengchang Pang, Ruqin Gao, Kunzheng Lv, Shanpeng Li, Haiping Duan, Shaojie Wang, Yongmei Liu, Ranran Du, Liang Cheng, Xiaocao Tian, Hua Zhang, Dan Hu, Xiaoyan Zheng, Yujie Wang, Wei Sun, Shichun Yan, Yongzhou, Chi Wang, Zhenyuan Wu, Lishun Zhai, Zhaoxi Pang, Shiwen Dong, Li Liu, Dapeng Yin, Bin He, Ying Liu, Xingren Wang, Tingting Ou, Xiangyang Zheng, Dewei Zheng, Shuai Yang, Lihui Li, Xingjiao Chen, Yan Xu, Jinyi Zhou, Ran Tao, Jian Su, Xikang Fan, Xuejia Chen, Yuxiao Huang, Yan Lu, Yujie Hua, Li Xing, Shuxian Wang, Jianrong Jin, Juping Ma, Jinchao Liu, Kaifei Zhu, Hongfu Ren, Xingfeng Shen, Ge Zhong, Wei Mao, Zhenzhen Lu, Yanxu Zhong, Lifang Zhou, Rong Pan, Jian Lan, Xiaoping Tan, Jinxue Tan, Yishan Xie, Liuping Wei, Liyuan Zhou, Sisi Wang, Xianping Wu, Ningmei Zhang, Xiaofang Chen, Xiaoyu Chang, Zhuo Wang, Yujin He, Mingqiang Yuan, Ling Wang, Xiaofang Chen, Zhaodong Wang, Qiang Sun, Yang Lin, Faqing Chen, Xiaolan Ren, Lijun Chang, Feiming Zhong, Jianjun Feng, Weijie Hu, Xiaofang Zhang, Yalin Chen, Honghong Wang, Jun Wang, Linqi Diao, Zhiwei Han, Dengjun Zhu, Kai Kang, Shixian Feng, Wenjie Yang, Huizi Tian, Yali Yan, Bing Han, Li Gao, Shaofang Li, Tianfang Xing, Wei Tang, Xiaolin Li, Huarong Sun, Xiaocong Zhao, Ying Li, Chen Hu, Pan He, Xukui Zhang, Yuanyuan Jin, Lan Luo, Min Yu, Ruying Hu, Hao Wang, Weiwei Gong, Jieming Zhong, Meng Wang, Chunxiao Xu, Keqing Gong, Hao Xu, Yuan Cao, Kaixu Xie, Lingli Chen, Xiaomei Tu, Junlong Pan, Xiaojun Li, Li Yin, Huilin Liu, Yuan Liu, Lei Yin, Xian Xie, Jing Wang, Bo Xiao, Zongwei Deng, Yuan Peng, Libo Zhang, Libo Zhang, Chan Qu, li Deng, Qili Jiang, Yanling Chen
Language: English
Subfield: Nephrology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,800
Funders: Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK, British Heart Foundation, University of Oxford, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Kadoorie Charitable Foundation, National Science and Technology Major Project, Medical Research Council, National Key Research and Development Program of China
Awards: China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB), G1018192509, G1309204960, G1531121812, China Kadoorie Biobank of 0.5 million adults, G1630586902, G1649993721, G1804104870, G1846601053, G1915379896, G20484840, G211934369, G2212417510, G2243627235, G229129443, China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) prospective study of 0.5 million adults, G2462784243, G2579291025, G2602018492, G2628120876, G2787469147, G3014664507, G303072628, G3165331058, G3217496469, G3262907292, G3457649894, G3537693707, G3615493706, G3731018732, G3768947543, The Kadoorie Biobank study., G39798324, G4051821870, G4157460190, G4295907459, G4393287264, G4420358607, G4431910321, G4546568785, G4665801985, G4873353636, G5248341131, G5258329143, China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) of 0.5 million adults., G5341903963, G5594543866, G5643063239, G578778246, G5984111722, G6008837376, G6106228097, G6166209737, G6184605720, G6195916859, G6215260116, G6340824883, G6665326142, G6876307132, G6946007318, G7005424644, G7016066261, G7036255855, G7086945402, G7146276943, G7343054190, G7434196582, G7436480398, G7517169392, G7813753016, G7855137468, G8069003457, G815574155, G8233656547, G8509280843, G8809076263, G8849384127
OpenAlex ID: W7147099640