News with a Human Face in a Copycat Fourth Estate—The Americanization of Television News in Post-Communist Media Systems: The Bulgarian Experiment
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: This article examines the Americanization of television news in post-communist media systems through an in-depth case study of bTV, Bulgaria’s first national commercial television broadcaster, launched by News Corporation in 2000. Drawing on original in-depth qualitative interviews with founding executives, journalists, regulators, and consultants, alongside archival materials and documentary analysis, the study traces how U.S. journalistic norms were introduced, negotiated, and ultimately hybridized within a fragile post-socialist media environment. Building on Gabriel Tarde’s theory of imitation, the article proposes a three-stage analytical model—transmission, transnationalization, and appropriation—to capture the dynamics of media transformation beyond simple adoption or rejection. The findings show that Americanization initially operated as a professionalizing force, reshaping visual storytelling, newsroom routines, and narrative structures, while also functioning as a symbolic and structural shield against overt political interference. Foreign ownership, particularly American ownership, was widely perceived by media actors as a buffer separating newsrooms from local power networks and enabling a degree of editorial autonomy. At the appropriation stage, however, the analysis reveals a more ambivalent outcome. While American formats and aesthetics were rapidly internalized at the surface level, deeper journalistic identities and democratic functions (most notably the Fourth Estate ideal) were only partially and unevenly appropriated. The result was a hybrid media model characterized by format mixing, depoliticization, and selective adaptation to local cultural and institutional legacies. The article conceptualizes this outcome as a Copycat Fourth Estate: a media system that appears American in form yet remains shaped by post-communist legacies of control, accommodation, and limited civic engagement. By offering a historically grounded, outlet-level analysis, the study contributes to debates on media Americanization, hybridization, and media capture, and advances understanding of how imported journalistic models are reshaped in transitional democracies.
Source: Journalism and Media
Author: Darina Sarelska
Institution: American University in Bulgaria
Language: English
Subfield: Communication
Field: Social Sciences
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,207
OpenAlex ID: W7148311959