Work

Compton-thick AGN characterization in a multiwavelength context: insights from the 70-month Swift /BAT catalogue

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: ABSTRACT We analyse Compton-thick active galactic nuclei (CT AGNs), a heavily obscured subclass that challenges traditional X-ray diagnostics. Using 243 sources from the 70-month Swift/BAT catalogue (26 CT, 217 non-CT), we investigate their properties across radio, infrared (IR), optical, and X-ray bands. VLASS data reveal slightly higher 2–3 GHz mean luminosities in CT AGNs, suggesting active cores attenuated by circumnuclear absorption. Mid-IR diagnostics show redder $W3-W4$ colours in CT AGNs, tracing cooler dust, with significant scatter likely driven by host-galaxy dilution. Most CT AGNs fall outside standard WISE selection wedges, highlighting mid-IR selection limitations. Baldwin–Phillips–Terlevich diagnostics show that CT AGNs primarily occupy Seyfert regions, indicating isotropic narrow-line properties. CT AGNs favour significantly higher Eddington ratios ($\lambda _{\text{Edd}}$), supporting radiation-driven unification where intense accretion maintains high-column density. We also observe a moderate anticorrelation between [N ii]/H$\alpha$ and $\lambda _{\text{Edd}}$. Principal component analysis identifies ionizing power and the accretion-obscuration link as primary variance drivers, though both populations overlap significantly in the PC1–PC2 plane. Machine learning achieved high recall (0.80) using intrinsic X-ray luminosity, [O i] $\lambda$6300 and H$\alpha$ luminosities, and $W2-W3$ colour. This demonstrates the potential for multiwavelength signatures to verify CT candidates in future deep surveys where X-ray data is limited. Overall, our findings suggest CT AGNs are driven by high obscuration and accretion rates rather than a simple orientation effect.

Source: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stag623

Authors: M L H Musa, Z Z Abidin, M Imanishi, Y Hagiwara, A Annuar