Age at menarche and exposure to non-persistent pesticides in Spanish girls from the INMA (environment and childhood) project
Year: 2026
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Our objective was to assess the longitudinal association between exposure to non-persistent pesticides and the age of menarche in Spanish girls. The study was conducted in a sample of 506 girls from the INMA Project. Pesticide exposure was assessed by quantifying four insecticide metabolites (TCPy, chlorpyrifos metabolite; IMPy, diazinon metabolite; DETP, non-specific organophosphate metabolite; 3-PBA, pyrethroid metabolite) and the dithiocarbamate fungicides metabolite ethylene thiourea (ETU) in spot urine samples collected at the age of 7-10 years (2013-2016). Information on the age at menarche was collected from questionnaires completed by the girls and/or parents at successive visits from the age of 7 to 16 years. Associations between categorical exposure biomarkers and age at menarche were examined using Cox regression models adjusted for sub-cohort; maternal schooling; age, urinary creatinine, body mass index (BMI) z-score, and height of girls at the age of 7-10 years; and other pesticide biomarkers. Effect modification by BMI was also examined. Menarche was later in girls with detected versus undetected concentrations of urinary TCPy (Hazard ratio [HR] = 0.71; 95%CI = 0.54-0.92); this association was stronger among those with overweight or obesity (HR = 0.69; 95%CI = 0.47-0.99), although the interaction was not statistically significant. By contrast, menarche was earlier in girls with increasing ETU (HR = 1.32; 95%CI = 1.00-1.73 for concentrations between limit of detection and 75th percentile [P75]; HR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.03-1.89 for concentrations > P75 versus undetected ETU); this association was stronger but not significant in girls with underweight/normal weight. These results are in line with previous findings from the INMA Project on the association of ETU exposure with earlier puberty onset in girls and provide previously unreported evidence of its association with TCPy. Further studies are needed to verify these findings and to elucidate the role of BMI in these associations.
Source: Environmental Research
Institutions: Universidad de Granada, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, University of the Basque Country, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Universidad Nebrija, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Erasmus MC, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de València, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana
Language: English
Subfield: Plant Science
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $3,880
Funders: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Illinois School Psychologists Association, Fundación Alicia Koplowitz, Fundació la Marató de TV3, Centres de Recerca de Catalunya, European Commission, Generalitat de Catalunya, Eusko Jaurlaritza, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Generalitat Valenciana, Universidad de Granada, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, European Regional Development Fund, Agencia Estatal de Investigación
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OpenAlex ID: W7150788019