Growth mindset is positively associated with mathematics attainment in Scotland—But socioeconomic status plays a greater role
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: There is currently a gap in knowledge around pupils' growth mindset (GM) and attainment in Scotland, particularly in relation to Socioeconomic Status (SES). This study offers insights on the relevance of growth mindset in Scotland for attainment in mathematics by drawing on large‐scale data from the OECD's Programme for International Student Achievement (PISA). Using the PISA 2022 data, the study investigates the relationship between growth mindset, achievement and SES. In 2006, Dweck's book ‘Mindset’ brought to the public attention the notion that young people's beliefs about the nature of intelligence could themselves influence educational attainment and asserted that these beliefs were malleable. Later work by Claro, Paunesku and Dweck suggested that GM could mitigate the effects of poverty. Data from PISA 2022 were used to explore relationships between growth mindset (GM), SES and mathematics attainment in Scotland. Using multilevel modelling and multiple linear regression at individual and school level, this study explored how far variations in gender, SES, GM, perseverance and interaction between GM and SES could predict scores in mathematics. A significant association between positive GM and improved mathematics outcomes was found. High SES was also associated with improved mathematics outcomes. However, in contrast to findings in other contexts, an interaction effect between GM and SES was not associated with improved mathematics attainment.
DOI: 10.1002/berj.70156
Authors: Catherine Reid, Ellen Boeren
Institution: University of Glasgow
Language: English
Subfield: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Estimated APC paid: $4,120
OpenAlex ID: W7150947652