Work

Bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines: Current advancements, challenges, and future perspectives

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) represents a significant global threat to the cattle industry, incurring major economic liabilities. Vaccination remains the cornerstone of BVDV management. This review synthesizes the evolution of BVDV vaccine development, ranging from conventional inactivated (IV) and modified live virus (MLV) vaccines to next-generation platforms, including recombinant subunit, vector-based, nucleic acid-based, and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. We critically compare these approaches regarding their immune responses, cross-protective efficacy, safety, and ability to prevent fetal persistent infection (PI). Significant challenges persist, notably the high genetic and antigenic variability of BVDV, the reservoir of PI animals, and maternal antibody interference. In conclusion, we emphasize the need to prioritize research into novel vaccine platforms, advanced adjuvants, and multivalent or combination vaccines that cover diverse BVDV sub-genotypes and co-pathogens. These strategies are essential for generating the broadly protective, cost-effective vaccines required to support global eradication efforts.

Source: Virulence

DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2026.2645832

Authors: Feng Pang, Shaobo Liang, Weijie Zhou

Institution: Guizhou University

Language: English

Topic: Animal Virus Infections Studies

Subfield: Animal Science and Zoology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Domain: Life Sciences

SDGs: Zero hunger, Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,557