Work

Visualization of the True Left Ventricular Apex on Transthoracic Echocardiography

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Visualizing the true cardiac apex using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) remains challenging. The American Society of Echocardiography guidelines describe the left ventricle as tapering elliptically at the apex, with foreshortening causing a rounded appearance. The optimal imaging plane aligns with the long axis of the heart. However, these criteria do not objectively confirm whether the apex visualized on TTE represents the true anatomical apex. This report provides a practice-based insight into this limitation of routine two-dimensional TTE. We compared TTE and cardiac computed tomography (CCT) or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in normal individuals and patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. The thickness of the apical cap was directly measured on CCT and CMR and was consistently approximately 1-3 mm, regardless of hypertrophy. In contrast, routine TTE often fails to visualize thin structures. Nevertheless, when TTE depicts a similarly thin apical cap, this finding may indicate that the true left ventricular apex has been captured. Such visualization may be achieved during inspiration using a lower intercostal acoustic window. Although this finding is uncommon and dependent on acoustic conditions, it may serve as a practical and objective marker in clinical practice. Improved awareness and appropriate imaging techniques are essential for accurate apex visualization.

Source: Echocardiography

DOI: 10.1111/echo.70455