Enhancing Solubility and α-Glucosidase Inhibition of Mangosteen Peel Extract via Amorphous Solid Dispersion: A Comparative Study of Solvent Evaporation and Fluidized Bed Drying Methods
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Introduction:: Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents a growing global health burden, with current α-glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose and miglitol demonstrating limited efficacy and notable gastrointestinal side effects. α-Mangostin, a bioactive compound from mangosteen peel, shows promise as a natural α-glucosidase inhibitor but suffers from poor aqueous solubility. This study aimed to enhance the solubility and enzyme inhibitory activity of mangosteen peel extract through amorphous solid dispersion using two manufacturing approaches: solvent evaporation and fluidized bed drying. Methods: Mangosteen peel extract was formulated into amorphous solid dispersions using polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 at a 1:3 polymer ratio via solvent evaporation and fluidized bed drying methods. Solubility enhancement was evaluated under standardized conditions, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was assessed through IC50 determination. Comparative analysis against acarbose and quercetin standards was performed. Results: Solvent evaporation achieved 2.1-fold solubility enhancement, while fluidized bed drying yielded 1.8-fold improvement. The mangosteen peel extract demonstrated superior α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 20.13 ± 0.02 μg/mL) compared to acarbose (IC50 = 379.75 ± 0.57 μg/mL) but remained less potent than quercetin (IC50 = 2.97 ± 0.05 μg/mL). When normalized to equivalent α- mangostin concentrations, fluidized bed drying preserved inhibitory activity more effectively (IC50 = 112.87 ± 0.06 μg/mL) than solvent evaporation (IC50 = 1238.48 ± 0.51 μg/mL). Discussion: The manufacturing method significantly influenced both solubility and biological activity. Solvent evaporation maximized solubility enhancement but compromised enzyme inhibitory potency, whereas fluidized bed drying maintained superior inhibitory activity despite moderate solubility improvement. This trade-off suggests that formulation strategy selection should prioritize the desired therapeutic outcome. Conclusion: Amorphous solid dispersion successfully enhanced both solubility and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of mangosteen peel extract. Fluidized bed drying represents the optimal manufacturing approach for preserving enzyme inhibition while achieving meaningful solubility enhancement, positioning α-mangostin as a promising candidate for natural antidiabetic drug development.
Source: Current Drug Delivery
Institutions: Padjadjaran University, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Language: English
Subfield: Pharmaceutical Science
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
OpenAlex ID: W7153500245