The influence of sex and gender differences in shaping the immune response to influenza infection and vaccination
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: This review highlights the significant sex-based differences in immune responses to influenza infection and vaccination. Men are generally more susceptible to severe influenza outcomes, while women often mount stronger immune responses but experience more adverse effects. These disparities are influenced by biological factors, including sex hormones and genes, as well as gender-related social and environmental conditions. Evidence from both human and animal studies reveals sex-specific variations in antibody production, vaccine effectiveness, and clinical outcomes. Age, hormonal status, and stress further modulate these differences. Understanding these complex interactions is essential for developing tailored and equitable vaccination and treatment strategies.
Source: Exploration of Immunology
Language: English
Subfield: Epidemiology
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: diamond
OpenAlex ID: W7154147743