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Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as a Biomarker of Diabetic Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background: Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress-responsive cytokine associated with inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease. Its role as a biomarker of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains incompletely defined. Objective: To evaluate circulating GDF-15 levels and their association with microvascular complications in patients with T2D. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 160 participants divided into three groups: T2D (n = 93), obesity without carbohydrate disorders (n = 36), and healthy controls (n = 31). Microvascular complications (neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy) were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were performed. Results: GDF-15 levels were significantly higher in T2D compared with non-diabetic individuals (267.5 ± 168.9 vs. 118.3 ± 55.5 pg/mL, p < 0.001). Higher GDF-15 was associated with neuropathy (odds ratio (OR) 1.985; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.431–2.753) and nephropathy (OR 1.673; 95% CI 1.243–2.254) in unadjusted models. After adjustment, only nephropathy remained independently associated (OR 1.405; 95% CI 1.026–1.923). ROC analysis showed moderate discriminative ability for nephropathy (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.763). Conclusions: Circulating GDF-15 levels are significantly elevated in patients with T2D and are associated with microvascular complications, with the strongest independent association observed for diabetic nephropathy. These findings suggest that GDF-15 may represent a promising biomarker reflecting metabolic stress and risk of diabetic complications.

Source: Journal of Clinical Medicine

DOI: 10.3390/jcm15082908

Authors: Diana Nikolova, Savelia Yordanova, Zdravko Kamenov, Julieta Hristova, Antoaneta Trifonova Gateva

Institutions: Alexandrovska Hospital, Medical University of Sofia

Language: English

Topic: GDF15 and Related Biomarkers

Subfield: Rheumatology

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,137