Work

Dynamic Trajectory Tracking and Autonomous Berthing Control of a Container Ship Based on Four-Quadrant Hydrodynamics

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: To address the strongly nonlinear hydrodynamic coupling and complex maneuvering challenges encountered by large ships during berthing operations in restricted waters, this paper proposes a high-precision autonomous berthing control system incorporating four-quadrant propeller hydrodynamics. Based on an improved Mathematical Maneuvering Group (MMG) framework, a three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) dynamic model is established to accurately capture the transient thrust and torque mappings of the propeller over all four quadrants. A dynamic line-of-sight (LOS) guidance system with a nonlinearly decaying acceptance radius is tightly coupled with PD/PI controllers to coordinate and regulate the rudder angle and propeller rotational speed. The numerical solver was rigorously validated against turning-test data for the S-175 container ship, with the errors of the key parameters all controlled within 15%. Subsequently, under the environmental conditions of Yangshan Port, full-condition path-planning and berthing simulations were conducted for the novel B-573 container ship under steady-current disturbances. These simulations evaluated multiple flow directions, namely due south, due north, due west, and due east defined in the Earth-fixed coordinate system, as well as multiple intensity levels ranging from 0 to 1.5 m/s that were specifically tested under the due north current. Quantitative evaluation shows that, under the highly challenging current condition of 1.0 m/s, the dynamic corrective mechanism effectively drives the global mean absolute error (MAE) to converge to 85.50 m, representing a 62% statistical reduction relative to the transient peak value. In addition, a parameter sensitivity analysis based on the cumulative cross-track error confirms that, when subject to variations in the underlying hydrodynamic parameters, the proposed system can suppress fluctuations in trajectory error to a very low level, thereby demonstrating a certain degree of control robustness. During the terminal berthing stage, the vessel smoothly completed an extreme deceleration from an initial speed of 6.4 m/s to a full stop within 588 s, while constraining the maximum astern rotational speed to −2 rps and seamlessly passing through all four propeller quadrants. The results confirm that the proposed autopilot framework possesses a certain degree of engineering feasibility in complex maritime environments.

Source: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

DOI: 10.3390/jmse14080724