Work

Quantifying fractal and oscillatory components in neural signals for biomarker development

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Neural activity encompasses both rhythmic oscillations and aperiodic background dynamics, reflecting complex brain function beyond traditional rhythm-centric views. The aperiodic component, once considered noise, is now recognised as a meaningful signal indicative of excitation-inhibition balance and intrinsic neural timescales. Here, we review advanced signal processing frameworks, including spectral parameterisation and burst detection algorithms, that disentangle these periodic and aperiodic components. We critically evaluate evidence suggesting that aperiodic parameters track neurodevelopment and serve as candidate biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinsonism. Furthermore, we highlight how neuroengineering interventions, such as deep brain stimulation and acupuncture, actively modulate these features. Crucially, we address the current methodological heterogeneity in the field, proposing a standardised roadmap for estimation to resolve conflicting interpretations. These findings underscore the complementary roles of oscillatory and aperiodic dynamics, offering novel avenues for closed-loop brain-computer interfaces and personalized neurotherapeutics.

Source: Progress in Biomedical Engineering

DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ae6003

Authors: Camillo Porcaro, Alessandra Bertoldo

Institutions: University of Padua, National Research Council, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, University of Birmingham

Language: English

Topic: Neural dynamics and brain function

Subfield: Cognitive Neuroscience

Field: Neuroscience

Domain: Life Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: hybrid

Estimated APC paid: $4,680