Work

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves stability and function in chronic ankle instability: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Year: 2026

Type: review

Study designs: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) commonly develops following lateral ankle sprains and is associated with recurrent sprains, persistent pain, and neuromuscular deficits. While neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has shown promising results in enhancing muscle strength and neuromuscular control, its specific effects on CAI remain insufficiently investigated. METHOD: A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating NMES interventions in individuals with CAI. Studies were included if they reported outcomes related to instability, balance (both static and dynamic), and functional recovery. Pooled data were analyzed using weighted mean differences (WMDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs), with heterogeneity assessed using the I² statistic. RESULTS: Seven RCTs involving 248 participants were included in the analysis. NMES significantly improved self-reported instability (WMD = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.21 to 3.14; p < 0.01), static balance (WMD = − 1.43; 95% CI: − 2.80 to − 0.06; p = 0.04), dynamic balance (SMD = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.40 to 1.06; p < 0.01), and functional recovery (SMD = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.80; p = 0.04) compared to control groups. CONCLUSIONS: NMES shows promise as an adjunctive therapy for CAI. However, given the observed heterogeneity and methodological limitations, current evidence warrants cautious interpretation. Further rigorous, sham-controlled trials are essential to validate long-term efficacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD420251101522).

Source: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

DOI: 10.1186/s12891-026-09824-8

Authors: Luoman Hu, Minghua Zhong, Min Jia, Chengfei Gao, Yunxia Liu

Institutions: Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Guang'anmen Hospital Jinan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences

Language: English

Topic: Foot and Ankle Surgery

Subfield: Orthopedics and Sports Medicine

Field: Medicine

Domain: Health Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,090