Work

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Fish: Global Occurrence, Bioaccumulation, Analytical Approaches, and Human Exposure Risks—A Review

Year: 2026

Type: review

Abstract: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly stable and persistent environmental contaminants. Their exceptional chemical stability prevents natural breakdown, leading to global distribution and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. Long-chain PFAS, such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), tend to accumulate in the liver, kidneys, and muscle tissues, whereas short-chain PFAS remain largely dissolved in water and show lower accumulation. Freshwater fish generally contain higher PFAS levels than marine fish, with concentrations varying according to species, habitat, trophic level, contamination site, and other factors. Human exposure primarily occurs through the consumption of contaminated fish and seafood, as well as through drinking water, inhalation, and skin contact. Such exposure is associated with immunosuppression, high cholesterol, hormonal disruption, cancer, and other health risks. Regulatory limits exist for four PFAS compounds, while many others, including emerging compounds, remain unregulated. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on the global distribution of PFAS across various fish species, analytical approaches including sample preparation (e.g., SPE, QuEChERS) and instrumental techniques (e.g., LC-MS/MS, HRMS), human dietary exposure, and the related health risks. By integrating environmental distribution, bioaccumulation, analytical challenges, and health issues, this review provides an up-to-date perspective on PFAS in fish and emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring and stricter regulatory frameworks to ensure food safety and protect both human health and ecosystems.

Source: Toxics

DOI: 10.3390/toxics14040336

Authors: Ines Varga, Nina Bilandžić, Jelena Kaurinović, Andrea Gross Bošković, Tomislav Klapec

Institutions: Croatian Veterinary Institute, University of Osijek

Language: English

Topic: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research

Subfield: Environmental Chemistry

Field: Environmental Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Good health and well-being, Life below water

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,137