Work

Optimization of Sanitation Process Parameters of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water for Automated Milk Feeders Using Response Surface Methodology

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Automated milk feeders (AMFs) offer significant advantages in promoting natural feeding behavior in calves and reducing manual labor. With widespread use, the impact of AMF hygiene on calf health has attracted increasing research attention, as inadequate cleaning protocols may lead to bacterial accumulation on calf-contact surfaces and subsequent health risks for calves. This study aimed to quantify bacterial contamination on AMF surfaces, evaluate the cleaning efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) compared to warm water and chemical disinfectants (n = two total samples), and optimize SAEW cleaning parameters using response surface methodology (RSM). Results revealed that bacterial loads on five high-frequency calf-contact surfaces ranged from 5.48 to 8.21 log10 CFU/cm2. SAEW at 60 mg/L achieved significantly higher cleaning efficacy than warm water and chemical disinfectants under field conditions (p < 0.01). Through RSM optimization (highly significant (p < 0.001)), the optimal SAEW cleaning parameters were determined as follows: cleaning time of 35 s, cleaning temperature of 78 °C, and available chlorine concentration (ACC) of 108 mg/L. Under the optimized parameters, bacterial and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) removal rates reached approximately 98%. These findings suggest that SAEW is a promising alternative sanitation agent for AMFs, provide preliminary parameters for rapid sanitation under the tested conditions, and hold the potential to support the standardized hygiene control of calf feeding equipment.

Source: Animals

DOI: 10.3390/ani16081225