Get started
Work

Emergent Pedestrian Safety in a World-Model Driving Agent Under Adversarial Interaction Without Explicit Safety Rewards

Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Pedestrian interaction remains a central safety challenge for autonomous driving, particularly under non-compliant or adversarial pedestrian behavior. Existing research and evaluations predominantly test against rule-following pedestrians, leaving a gap in understanding how learning-based agents handle worst-case interactions. We introduce the Jaywalkers Library, a novel configurable benchmark in CARLA with three adversarial pedestrian archetypes (Intruder, Indecisive Crosser, and Protester). We evaluate a DreamerV3 agent trained with sparse rewards, where the only pedestrian-specific signal is a terminal collision penalty. Evaluation employs a frozen-policy protocol with explicit train–test separation. Safety behavior is decomposed into endpoint outcomes, evasion dynamics, and efficiency costs. Under nominal conditions, the agent achieves high route completion and generalizes to an unseen town, whereas under adversarial exposure, an archetype-sensitive evasion strategy emerges. The agent swerves at speed against dynamic pedestrians but decelerates against the slow-moving Protester. Collision rates reveal a counterintuitive difficulty ordering in which the Protester is the hardest, followed by the Intruder, with the Indecisive Crosser as the most survivable. These findings show that a sparse terminal penalty suffices for emergent pedestrian avoidance in a world-model agent, but that effectiveness is bounded by the world model’s ability to predict pedestrian persistence.
DOI: 10.3390/app16083915
Language: English
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,896
OpenAlex ID: W7154693233
FWCI:
Cites:
Cited by:
Related to: