Lens Alternatives to Microscope Objectives in Optical Coherence Microscopy for Ultra-High-Resolution Imaging
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Ultrahigh lateral resolution (UHLR) optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology, also called optical coherence microscopy (OCM), has gained popularity, especially in the field of biomedical imaging. In these systems, high numerical aperture (NA) Microscope objectives (MO) are employed in OCM systems to offer better than 3 µm lateral resolution. However, in the implemented broadband OCM configuration, the use of complex multi-element microscope objectives can reduce the detected returned signal compared with a simpler imaging lens configuration. This reduction in detected returned signals can become an important practical limitation in many OCM applications, particularly for biomedical imaging when high imaging speed is crucial. This study investigates whether a single off-the-shelf lens can provide a practical alternative to conventional MOs, achieving higher throughput while maintaining reasonable spatial resolution. We systematically evaluated 14 commercial lenses using Zemax OpticStudio simulations, identifying an aspherized achromatic lens (Edmund Optics #85302) that best met these key criteria. To validate its feasibility for OCM, performance was tested in both Full-Field Time-Domain OCM (FF-TD-OCM) and Line-Field Spectral-Domain OCM (LF-SD-OCM) configurations. Using a broadband composite Superluminescent Diode (SLD) source (750–920 nm), we quantified the resolvable features, axial resolution, and overall light transmission. The validated system demonstrated near-diffraction-limited performance. In the LF-SD-OCM setup, it successfully resolved features as fine as Group 8, Element 6, corresponding to a 2.2 µm line pair pitch (~1.1 µm line width) and achieved a 2.86 µm axial resolution in air. A through-focus comparison further showed practically useful contrast retention around focus. Additional imaging of onion epidermal tissue and ex vivo porcine corneal tissue demonstrated that the proposed lens could provide interpretable structural images on representative biological samples. Under the tested LF-SD-OCM detection configuration, the selected lens delivered approximately 2.0 dB higher returned signal than the Mitutoyo MY10X-823 objective according to 1.59× larger received signal.
Source: Photonics
Authors: Xinjie Zhu, Zijian Zhang, Samuel Lawman, Xingyu Yang, Yalin Zheng, Yaochun Shen
Institution: University of Liverpool
Language: English
Subfield: Biomedical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,896
Awards: EYE-SCREEN-4-DPN: Development of an innovative Intelligent EYE imaging solution for SCREENing of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Closed Loop Digitalised Data Analytics and Analysis Platform (DAAP) for Intelligent Design and Manufacturing of Power Electronic Modules, "AN-EYE-4-DEMENTIA: Development of AN innovative intelligent EYE imaging solution for screening of DEMENTIA "
OpenAlex ID: W7154693713