Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Measurement error can often be harmful when estimating causal effects. Two scenarios in which this is the case are in the estimation of (a) the average treatment effect when confounders are measured with error, and (b) the natural indirect effect when the exposure and/or confounders are measured with error. Methods adjusting for measurement error typically require external data or knowledge about the measurement error distribution. Here, we propose methodology not requiring any such information. Instead, we show that when the outcome regression is linear in the error-prone variables, consistent estimation of these causal effects can be recovered using constructed instrumental variables (IVs) under certain conditions. These variables, which are functions of only the observed data, behave like IVs for the error-prone variables. Using data from a study of the effects of prenatal exposure to heavy metals on growth and neurodevelopment in Bangladeshi mother-infant pairs, we apply our methodology to estimate (a) the effect of lead exposure on birth length while controlling for maternal protein intake, and (b) lead exposure's role in mediating the effect of maternal protein intake on birth length. Protein intake is calculated from food journal entries, and is suspected to be highly prone to measurement error.
Source: Biometrics
Authors: Caleb H Miles, Linda Valeri, Brent Coull
Institutions: Columbia University, Harvard University
Language: English
Subfield: Statistics and Probability
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
Awards: Harvard Chan School NIEHS Center for Environmental Health, Metals and Metal Mixtures: Cognitive Aging, Remediation and Exposure Sources (MEMCARE), Clinical and Translational Science Award, Bayesian Statistical Learning for Robust and Generalizable Causal Inferences in Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Research, Machine Learning remedies to unmeasured confounding biases in environmental mixture studies
OpenAlex ID: W4399399880