Work

Targeting the Ras–Ral Signaling Axis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Dual-Modulation Approach to Correcting Insulin Resistance and β-Cell Dysfunction

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is driven by insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. While Ras GTPases are known for oncogenic signaling, emerging evidence implicates the Ras-Ral axis as a critical regulator of glucose homeostasis. This review synthesizes the distinct roles of Ras and Ral in metabolism. Ras hyperactivation promotes insulin resistance and inflammation via MAPK/PI3K pathways, whereas RalA supports GLUT4 translocation and insulin granule exocytosis. We propose a dual-pathway hypothesis: T2DM pathophysiology involves an imbalance characterized by excessive Ras signaling and insufficient Ral-mediated metabolic actions. Consequently, we explore the therapeutic potential of rebalancing this axis through combinatorial strategies, that selectively inhibit pathogenic Ras while enhancing protective Ral activity. We critically evaluate current Ras-targeted agents (e.g., farnesyltransferase inhibitors, allele-specific inhibitors) and discuss the emerging frontier of Ral-specific enhancers. Finally, we outline key translational challenges and future directions for validating this axis as a target for precision medicine in T2DM.

Source: Pharmaceuticals

DOI: 10.3390/ph19040648

Authors: Narayanan Thulasi, Kannan Harithpriya, Kumar Ganesan, Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar

Institutions: SRM Institute of Science and Technology, University of Hong Kong

Language: English

Topic: Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling

Subfield: Molecular Biology

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology

Domain: Life Sciences

SDG: Good health and well-being

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,499