The hidden cost of slouching : exploring scapulohumeral rhythm changes in forward-headed students
Year: 2026
Type: article
Study design: Observational Study
Abstract: Background Forward head posture (FHP) may alter shoulder biomechanics through changes in neuromuscular control and scapular positioning; however, its relationship with scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) remains unclear in asymptomatic individuals. To examine the association between FHP and SHR during shoulder abduction and compare SHR across abduction ranges.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 207 college-going young adults (18–25 years). FHP was assessed using the craniovertebral angle (CVA) via a validated smartphone application. Participants were categorized into FHP (CVA <44°) and normal posture groups. Scapular upward rotation was measured using a modified digital inclinometer, and SHR was calculated as the ratio of glenohumeral motion to scapular rotation across 0–90° abduction. Spearman’s correlation analysis was performed.Results Mean CVA was 41.82 ± 3.47°. SHR followed a range-dependent pattern approximating a 2:1 ratio. A moderate positive association was observed between CVA and SHR in early and mid ranges (0°–60°) (r = 0.387–0.421, p < 0.01), weakening at higher ranges and becoming slightly negative at 75°–90° (r = -0.198, p < 0.05).Conclusion FHP is associated with altered SHR, particularly in early and mid abduction. These findings support incorporating cervical and scapular assessment within a regional interdependence framework.
Authors: Sheenam Popli, Vikas Kumar Lamba, Rahul Kumar, Shireen Rehman, Sonam Verma, Gaurav Agarwal
Institutions: Gyan Vihar University, Tantia University
Language: English
Subfield: Surgery
Field: Medicine
Domain: Health Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7155201616