An Overview of the Benefits, Drawbacks and Strategies Used for the Fabrication of 316L Stainless Steel and Inconel 625 Functionally Graded Materials Using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an efficient, low-cost technique for fabricating large-scale metallic components and, in particular, functionally graded materials (FGMs). This review focuses on the fabrication of 316L stainless steel–Inconel 625 FGMs by arc-based WAAM processes, examining Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) and Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) in terms of their microstructural outcomes, compositional control strategies, residual stress development and mechanical performance. A critical finding emerging from the reviewed literature is that direct compositional interfaces between 316L and Inconel 625 can yield superior tensile strength and ductility and lower residual stresses compared to smooth gradient strategies, owing to the formation of detrimental secondary phases such as δ-phase, Laves phase and MC carbides at intermediate iron–nickel compositions encountered only during graded builds. The potential of Submerged Arc Additive Manufacturing (SAAM) as a future high-deposition-rate alternative for large-scale FGM fabrication is also discussed. Key challenges, including dilution control, Laves phase formation, residual stress management and the corrosion characterization of the graded region, are identified, together with priority research directions for advancing the industrial adoption of arc-based FGM components.
Source: Metals
DOI: 10.3390/met16050467
Authors: G. Lima Antunes, J. P. Oliveira
Language: English
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,137
OpenAlex ID: W7159147690