A General Framework for Kaprekar Dynamics on n-Digit Integers
Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: This paper develops a general framework for Kaprekar transformations on n-digit integers. We establish invariant properties, prove finite dynamical behavior, and introduce a structural reduction using digit differences. By comparing known cases across digit lengths, we identify a progression from fixed points to cycles and more complex dynamics.
Author: S, Nisarga
Language: English
Subfield: Mathematical Physics
Field: Mathematics
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7159665725
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