X-Ray Imaging of Solid-State Sintering and Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Review of Process Monitoring and Defect Evolution
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: X-ray imaging has become essential for understanding powder-based metal processing. In solid-state sintering, synchrotron tomography reveals particle rearrangement, neck growth, and pore evolution, clarifying how packing heterogeneity and particle-size distribution govern densification. In laser powder bed fusion, high-speed radiography captures microsecond-scale melt-pool behavior, including keyhole dynamics, vapor-jet entrainment, spatter formation, and bubble-mediated porosity, thereby enabling mechanistic links between processing conditions and defect generation. Nonetheless, current X-ray methods face trade-offs between spatial and temporal resolution and often remain qualitative. Integrating operando imaging with physics-based simulations and machine-learning models offers a path toward quantitative prediction and real-time control. This review summarizes recent progress and highlights key challenges and opportunities for advancing operando characterization of powder-based metal processes.
Source: Hanguk bunmal jaeryo hakoeji
Authors: Wonjun Cho, Woobin Cho, Seongheon Park, Donghwan Son, Insung Han
Institution: Kyungpook National University
Language: English
Subfield: Mechanical Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: hybrid
Awards: G3560065899, G4881578523
OpenAlex ID: W7160396177