Work

The appetite for freediving differs between Sprague-Dawley and Long Evans rats

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Freediving in rats has emerged as a relevant model to study physiology and neural adaptation underlying submersion mechanisms. However, despite well-established strain-dependent differences in behavior and physiological responses, most studies about freediving rely on Sprague Dawley rats. As the choice of strain could significantly shape experimental results depending on the field of research, we conducted a behavioral comparative study between Long Evans (LE) rats, genetically closer to the Wild Norway rat, with the commonly used Sprague Dawley (SD) strain. We developed an 11-week progressive voluntary freediving protocol involving four distances (from 5 to 11 meters), and assessed the rats’ natural willingness to dive and swim, and identified several parameters for evaluation of their confidence (waiting time before diving, speed), performance capacity (freediving time) and population variability. We found that Long Evans rats were naturally more willing to dive and more confident, compared to Sprague Dawley rats: they showed better performance with longer time underwater and slower diving speed. We also uncover differences in their variability, at trial-to-trial intra-individual and population inter-individual levels, which can guide the choice of one strain over the other, depending on the aim of the scientific inquiry. Highlights LE rats dived more willingly (81% vs 72%) and showed greater confidence. LE freedivers waited less, stayed underwater longer, and traveled farther. SD rats swam faster and were less confident, with more drop-outs. LE rats showed higher variability; SD rats were more consistent.

Source: Behavioural Brain Research

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116445