Year: 2026
Type: preprint
Abstract: Ciliates are one of the most ecologically diverse and morphologically intricate unicellular organisms. Despite their evolutionary significance and their prominence in cell-biological research, the population-genetic processes governing their diversification have received remarkably little attention. A fundamental unresolved problem is the existence of geographic isolation among free-living protists and its consequences for species richness. We addressed this issue in the model ciliate Paramecium by sequencing genomes of hundreds of isolates collected worldwide, capturing multiple morphological and cryptic species, with multiple populations each. Contrary to previous reports, we found evidence of geographic differentiation in the majority of species. In a few cases, geographic structure became evident when deeply diverging clades in a species were treated separately. This suggests that the biogeographical patterns of Paramecium have been shaped by periods of genetic isolation leading to speciation, with rare events of global dispersal realized over its long evolutionary history. Despite being largely isolated, populations were remarkably similar in their effective population size, recombination rate, and efficacy of natural selection. Across species, selection appears to be least effective in Paramecium aurelia lineages, and most effective in P. bursaria , presumably due to differences in their breeding characteristics. Despite differences among species in the population-genetic environment, patterns of variation across the genome remained consistent. Selective constraints on a core set of genes seemed to have gradually diverged across the species phylogeny. Genes with multiple copies retained from whole-genome duplication events in P. aurelia were found to be under relatively relaxed purifying selection. Moving forward, this dataset will serve to test hypotheses on the ecological and cellular complexity of Paramecium and beyond.
Language: English
Subfield: Genetics
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: green
Awards: RoL: FELS: EAGER: A Predictive framework of metabolism as an engine of functional environmental responses across levels of biological organization, Dimensions US-China: Global Patterns of Biodiversity in the Ancient Ciliate Paramecium, BII: Mechanisms of Cellular Evolution, Causes and Population-genetic Consequences of Molecular Variation
OpenAlex ID: W7162809108