Work

Synergistic Inhibition of Colorectal Cancer Growth by Combined PI3K and COX-2 Blockade in Cell Lines and Patient-Derived Organoids

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background/Objectives: PI3K/AKT/mTOR is a key pathway in cell proliferation, metabolism, and survival. Activating PIK3CA mutations are seen in up to 20% of colorectal cancers and are associated with increased cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Recent studies demonstrated a significant survival benefit from taking low-dose aspirin, a nonselective COX inhibitor, supporting further exploration of the synergistic effects of combined PI3Kα inhibitor (inavolisib) and COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib) therapy. Methods: The effects of celecoxib–inavolisib combination treatment were tested on human colorectal cancer cell lines and patient-derived organoid models. Experiments included cell viability and colony formation assays, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. Results: We found that celecoxib and inavolisib demonstrated synergy in suppressing the growth of colorectal cancer cell lines, grown in both 2D and 3D cell culture, regardless of PIK3CA mutation status. In patient-derived organoid models, while synergy was seen in both organoids, growth of the PIK3CA mutated organoid was more potently suppressed. Immunoblotting of cells after combination treatment showed decreased expression of mitogenic signaling marker p-AKT across all 2D cell lines and in both cell lines grown as 3D spheroids, as well as increased expression of apoptotic marker cPARP in four out of five 2D cell lines and in both cell lines grown as 3D spheroids. Immunofluorescence staining of organoids after combination treatment, however, showed no significant increase in expression of apoptotic marker Cas-3 nor in mitogenic marker Ki-67 in either organoid. Furthermore, an apoptosis assay performed on two cell lines showed no significant increase in Annexin V or phosphatidylserine staining. Conclusions: Celecoxib and inavolisib demonstrated synergy in suppressing the growth of both colorectal cancer cell lines and patient-derived organoids, though PIK3CA mutation status did not appear to affect drug efficacy in cell lines as it did in patient-derived organoids. Potential compensatory or resistance mechanisms might include oncogene drivers in the MAPK/ERK pathway. When compared to monotherapy, combination therapy was the only drug condition to significantly increase the percentage of apoptotic cells based on Annexin V and phosphatidylserine staining, and this effect was only seen in the PIK3CA mutated cell line. Ultimately, our findings provide preliminary support for celecoxib–inavolisib combination treatment as a rational therapeutic avenue warranting further preclinical investigation.

Source: Pharmaceutics

DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics18060683