Work

Beyond the honor system: Structural failures in the enforcement of firearm relinquishment in intimate partner violence cases

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Background Firearm relinquishment laws, including Domestic Violence Restraining Orders (DVROs) and Gun Violence Restraining Orders (GVROs; California’s form of Extreme Risk Protection Orders), are intended to reduce intimate partner homicide by restricting firearm access in high-risk situations. However, the effectiveness of these laws depends on implementation across courts, law enforcement agencies, and survivor-service systems. Methods We conducted 30 in-depth interviews with survivor advocates, legal aid attorneys, law enforcement officers, and policy professionals across California in two waves (2021 and 2024–2025). Using thematic analysis, we examined institutional and structural barriers to the enforcement of firearm relinquishment provisions within DVRO and GVRO cases. Results Participants described firearm relinquishment enforcement as inconsistent and weakly coordinated, with surrender requirements often treated as procedural formalities rather than verifiable safety measures. Survivors were frequently expected to navigate complex legal and enforcement systems while bearing responsibility for pursuing compliance. Participants also identified staffing shortages, limited interagency coordination, and reductions in VOCA and OVW funding as key barriers to enforcement capacity. Although participants described DVROs and GVROs differently in terms of legal design and institutional responsibility, both mechanisms were perceived as constrained by broader structural and resource limitations. Conclusions Despite California’s strong statutory framework, firearm relinquishment provisions within DVROs and GVROs are often difficult to implement consistently in practice. Strengthening enforcement will require sustained funding, coordinated interagency systems, survivor-centered implementation strategies, and greater institutional accountability to ensure these laws function as effective public health interventions.

Source: SSM - Qualitative Research in Health

DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2026.100788

Authors: Jennifer A. Wagman, Wilson Hammett

Institution: University of California, Los Angeles

Language: English

Topic: Gun Ownership and Violence Research

Subfield: Health

Field: Social Sciences

Domain: Social Sciences

SDGs: Peace, justice, and strong institutions, Gender equality

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $1,720