When Users Turn to AI for Mental Health Support: Emotional Bonding with General-Purpose Chatbots
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Digital therapeutic tools can expand access to psychological support by offering low-threshold assistance. Research to date has focused primarily on therapeutic rule-based chatbots. Meanwhile, an increasing number of users are turning to AI-powered general-purpose chatbots (e.g., ChatGPT) for mental health support. These interactions are often driven by emotional needs, suggesting that users may form relational connections resembling a therapeutic alliance. This study explores users’ relationship and feelings towards these chatbots by analysing Reddit comments. Results suggest that emotional bonding is shaped by interaction characteristics that foster perceived safety, empathy and emotional closeness, enabling self-disclosure. While some aspects resemble components of a therapeutic alliance, the relationship differs due to users’ control over the interaction and an idealization of relational qualities that go beyond expectations in human interpersonal relationships. Chatbots provide accessible support, but risks, including overestimation of therapeutic capabilities and dependence, highlight the need for user education and professional guidance.
Authors: Müller, Charlotte, Eckhardt, Andreas
Institution: Universität Innsbruck
Language: English
Subfield: Applied Psychology
Field: Psychology
Domain: Social Sciences
Open Access status: green
OpenAlex ID: W7164705503