Ketogenic Diet Alleviates Colorectal Cancer by Attenuating Macrophage M2 Polarisation Triggered by Oncometabolite MMA Derived From the Gut Microbiota
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Proposed mechanism of the ketogenic diet-microbiota-MMA-immune axis in CRC. (Part 1) A ketogenic diet remodels gut microbiota homeostasis by depleting MMA-producing bacteria, thereby reducing the accumulation of the oncometabolite (MMA). (Part 2) At the molecular level, MMA acts as a ligand that binds to Rap1, activating the downstream MAPK/ERK signalling cascade. This signalling event drives the transcriptional reprogramming of TAMs towards the pro-tumorigenic M2 phenotype. (Part 3) Clinically, elevated serum MMA in CRC patients correlates with increased M2 macrophage infiltration in the tumour microenvironment and poor prognosis.
Source: Cell Proliferation
DOI: 10.1111/cpr.70247
Authors: Yang Lu, Bo Shi, Jinmiao Chen, Huihui Yao, Xiuwei Mi, Minke Shao, Yiyuan Zhao, Lijun Meng, Qingliang Tai, Junjie Chen, Xinyu Shi, Diyuan Zhou, Yizhou Yao, Songbing He
Language: English
Topic: Immune cells in cancer
Subfield: Immunology
Field: Immunology and Microbiology
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,680
OpenAlex ID: W7165142267