Work

Heterogeneity in Quantity–Quality Collaboration: Using Geographically Visualized SHAP Interaction Analysis to Explore Relationships Between Multidimensional Urban Green Space Features and Life Satisfaction of Older Adults

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Urban green spaces (UGSs) are considered crucial for enhancing older adults’ subjective well-being. However, limited studies have explored the synergistic effects of UGS quality and quantity on satisfaction across green spaces, residential environments, and life domains, making it challenging to uncover the multifaceted sustainable benefits of UGSs on older adults’ subjective well-being. This study drew on multi-source data and place attachment theory to depict neighborhood-accessible UGS quantity (provision, accessibility, and visibility) and quality (cognition, behavior, and affect). Through the geographical visualization of bivariate SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) interaction values extracted from the trained eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model, and the comparison of bivariate SHAP maps with univariate SHAP maps, the study revealed the nonlinear geographic associations between UGS quantity and quality and three types of satisfaction. The results showed that when UGS quantity and quality coexisted, variations in the impact of quantity on older adults’ satisfaction were associated with quality differences. The gain effect of quality on quantity was more significant in areas with limited green space within a 500 m buffer zone. UGSs made a direct contribution to green space satisfaction, while their indirect association with life satisfaction surpassed that of residential satisfaction due to their provision of emotional qualities. This study calls for neighborhood green planning aimed at improving older adults’ subjective well-being, which should shift focus from quantity to quality and balance the relationship between quantity and quality based on regional characteristics.

Source: Forests

DOI: 10.3390/f17060713

Authors: Keju Liu, Dian Zhou, Yingtao Qi, Mingzhi Zhang

Institution: Xi'an Jiaotong University

Language: English

Topic: Urban Green Space and Health

Subfield: Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

Field: Environmental Science

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDG: Sustainable cities and communities

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,137