Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Hybrid tractors are a promising solution for reducing fuel consumption and emissions in agricultural machinery. However, their low-speed, high-torque operation with frequent load fluctuations demands an energy management strategy (EMS) that is both real-time capable and highly adaptive. This study focuses on a coaxial parallel hybrid electric tractor, developing a forward simulation model that integrates longitudinal vehicle dynamics, engine, motor, battery, and transmission systems. An improved equivalent fuel consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) with state-of-charge feedback correction, termed F-ECMS, is proposed. It dynamically adjusts the equivalence factor based on real-time battery SOC to approach optimal fuel economy while sustaining charge. Dynamic programming (DP) is used to establish a global benchmark. Simulations under a typical plowing cycle show that over 14,400 s, the F-ECMS maintains SOC (0.5964) close to the DP reference (0.6000), while achieving a 1.51% reduction in equivalent fuel consumption compared to a rule-based strategy. The results demonstrate that the proposed F-ECMS offers an effective balance between real-time performance and fuel economy, showing strong potential for practical implementation in hybrid agricultural vehicles.
Source: Applied Sciences
DOI: 10.3390/app16126176
Authors: Zhen Zhu, Yang Xiao, Hongwei Zhang, Dehai Wang
Institutions: Jiangsu University, Zhejiang University
Language: English
Subfield: Automotive Engineering
Field: Engineering
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $2,896
Award: G8659955648
OpenAlex ID: W7165178146