Work

Power Distribution System Focused on High Efficiency and Weight Management in the Context of a Formula Student Racing Car

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: Designing low-voltage (LV) power distribution systems for mass-sensitive electric vehicles involves several unresolved technical challenges, including parasitic I2R losses, excessive mass of commercial off-the-shelf distribution units, and difficulties in isolating thermal phenomena during vehicle operation. In dynamic racing conditions, temperature measurements of LV components are strongly influenced by external heat sources such as traction batteries, motors, and inverters, complicating accurate assessment of conductor self-heating and distribution losses. This work presents a load-driven methodology for the specification, implementation, and validation of LV architectures, demonstrated using a Formula Student electric race car. The proposed approach combines harness current mapping, resistive loss modeling, and component-level topology optimization to support the development of lightweight and electrically robust systems. Within this framework, a mass-optimized programmable solid-state power distribution unit (PDU), an auxiliary battery system with a battery management system (BMS), and an optimized LV wiring harness were developed and experimentally validated through controlled subsystem tests and in-vehicle operation. The proposed methodology enabled reduction in PDU mass by 40–80% relative to commercially available solutions while maintaining programmable protection, integrated current sensing, and stable thermal operation under representative racing loads. This reduction was achieved through load-driven conductor sizing, application-specific protection threshold optimization, and elimination of redundant protection and interconnection hardware. The developed PDU achieved a mass of 155 g with measured channel resistances of 40–70 mΩ. The auxiliary battery pack exhibited an average internal resistance of 64.2 mΩ at a total mass of 2190 g, while the optimized harness demonstrated resistivity in the range of 14.72–33.98 mΩ/m. Experimental validation confirmed stable operation below critical thermal limits under both nominal and off-nominal load conditions. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed methodology enables measurable reductions in both system mass and resistive power losses through application-specific optimization of the LV architecture. However, the presented approach is primarily suited for motorsport and other highly mass-constrained applications, where reduced packaging volume, efficiency, and weight justify the increased design complexity and lower universality compared to commercial off-the-shelf solutions.

Source: Applied Sciences

DOI: 10.3390/app16126180

Authors: Michał Błotniak, Tomasz Majchrzak, Jakub Murawski, Grzegorz Waldemar Ślaski

Institution: Poznań University of Technology

Language: English

Topic: Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies

Subfield: Automotive Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, Affordable and clean energy

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $2,896