Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Fouling on ship hulls increases hydrodynamic drag, fuel consumption, and emissions. This, in turn, necessitates the development of efficient methods for side cleaning and inspection. This work focuses on the application of image-based classification to assess the cleanliness of the surface of the hull in robotic cleaning systems, with respect to the ISO 8501-4 standard. Due to limited data availability, transfer learning techniques using pre-trained convolutional neural networks (ResNet50, EfficientNetB0 and MobileNetV2) were used. Both end-to-end models and hybrid approaches that combine deep feature extraction with XGBoost classification were evaluated. Experiments were carried out on binary classification (cleaned vs. uncleaned surfaces) and multi-class classification of cleanliness levels (WA1, WA2, WA2.5). The results show that transfer learning enables effective recognition of cleaning status, achieving high performance for binary classification despite a small dataset. However, multiclass classification remains challenging due to subtle differences between classes and data limitations. The proposed approach supports automated visual inspection of underwater robotic platforms and represents a step toward objective standards-based assessment of hull cleaning processes.
Source: Applied System Innovation
DOI: 10.3390/asi9060130
Institution: Silesian University of Technology
Language: English
Subfield: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Field: Computer Science
Domain: Physical Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $1,689
OpenAlex ID: W7165203704
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