Work

Research on Simulation Optimization of ART Charging Strategies in Automated Container Terminals

Year: 2026

Type: article

Abstract: In automated container terminals, Autonomous Rail-guided Transporters (ARTs) are responsible for horizontal transportation tasks between quay cranes and yard blocks during unloading operations. Their charging strategies directly affect operational continuity, charging resource utilization, and road traffic load. To improve the consistency between the simulation environment and the actual terminal layout, this study constructs a DXF-based directed traffic network based on the CAD/DXF layout of Tianjin Port Second Container Terminal. A coupled discrete-event simulation model integrating ART operations, charging behavior, and traffic dynamics is developed using SimPy. The study further compares several charging strategies, including threshold charging, conventional opportunity charging, safe opportunity charging, interval charging, and Distance-Aware Interval Charging (DAIC). The results indicate that the conventional opportunity charging strategy suffers from battery depletion failures under continuous unloading task flows due to the absence of mandatory low-battery protection. After introducing a safety threshold, the safe opportunity charging strategy effectively eliminates the risk of battery depletion. Considering comprehensive performance indicators, including operational success rate, task completion time, charging travel distance, charging frequency, minimum State of Charge (SOC), and road congestion level, the 40%/70% interval charging strategy demonstrates strong overall robustness, while the 40%/80% interval charging strategy shows advantages in completion time and charging resource utilization. Both strategies can therefore be regarded as key candidate charging schemes for ART operations in Tianjin Port Second Container Terminal.

Source: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

DOI: 10.3390/jmse14131183

Authors: Hongqi Huang, Rong Yang, Mengjie He, Nenad Zrnic, Ning Zhao, Xiangwei Liu

Institutions: Shanghai Maritime University, University of Belgrade

Language: English

Topic: Maritime Ports and Logistics

Subfield: Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Field: Engineering

Domain: Physical Sciences

SDGs: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, Sustainable cities and communities

Open Access status: gold

Estimated APC paid: $3,137