RNA polymerase II phosphorylation dynamics: from molecular mechanisms to human disease
Year: 2026
Type: article
Abstract: Accurate RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-dependent gene expression requires dynamic phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of its largest subunit, Rpb1, whose heptapeptide repeats form a regulatory platform known as the CTD code. Transcription-associated cyclin-dependent kinases (tCDKs) and CTD phosphatases coordinate the phosphorylation - dephosphorylation cycle of RNAPII throughout transcription, coupling RNA synthesis to co-transcriptional processing and chromatin regulation. By controlling stage-specific modification of the CTD, these enzymes integrate RNAPII activity into broader regulatory networks. Disruption of the delicate kinase - phosphatase balance impairs transcriptional fidelity, RNA maturation, and genome stability, either directly through altered CTD phosphorylation or indirectly through associated pathways. Such alterations are increasingly associated with developmental disorders, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Here, we synthesize current knowledge of RNAPII phosphorylation dynamics, highlighting key mechanistic principles, links to human disease, and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting this central phosphorylation-dependent regulatory system.
Source: RNA Biology
Authors: Araceli González-Jiménez, Ithaisa Medina, Manuel J. Alfonso, Carlos R. Vázquez de Aldana, Olga Calvo
Institution: Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica
Language: English
Subfield: Molecular Biology
Domain: Life Sciences
Open Access status: gold
Estimated APC paid: $3,175
OpenAlex ID: W7166509072